A shift toward personalized medicine in pneumonia management would involve refining the diagnostic categories to include viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, and noninfectious respiratory disease.
Diagnosing coinfection in pneumonia can be challenging because of timing of the sample collection and false-negative results when the viruses replicate in the lower respiratory tract.
An estimated 55% to 85% of hospital-acquired pneumonia infections involve gram-negative bacteria, while 20% to 30% of cases involve gram-positive cocci.
Pneumococcal colonization rates are low in recipients of solid organ transplants, but most of the colonizing serotypes are not included in pneumococcal vaccines.
Elevated levels of cardiac biomarkers can help identify patients with community-acquired pneumonia at high risk for early- and long-term cardiovascular events.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae immunoglobulin M antibody-secreting cells were successfully used to differentiate between those with M pneumoniae infection and carriers in a pediatric population.
